ABSTRACT
Respiratory diseases are one of the major health issues described in intensive pig production, causing important economic losses. However, there is little information on the prevalence, etiology and clinical-pathological presentation of these diseases in wild boars. For this reason, this work investigated the presence in captive wild boars of pneumonic lesions and bacterial pathogens commonly detected and associated with respiratory diseases in domestic pigs. A total of 226 captive wild boar lungs from two farms were examined in a slaughterhouse in Southern Brazil. The pneumonic lesions were classified as cranioventral, dorsocaudal, and disseminated, and the quantification of lesions was calculated. From the total of 226 lungs, 121 were collected for laboratory examination. Lungs with macroscopic lesions suggestive of pneumonia were collected for histological, bacteriological and molecular analysis. The molecular analysis was performed to detect the presence of Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae, Glaesserella (G.) parasuis, Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma (M.) hyorhinis and Streptococcus (S.) suis serotype 2. The percentages of histological lesions and bacterial agents and their association were calculated. Cranioventral consolidation (75.2%) was the most prevalent macroscopic lung lesion, followed by disseminated (21.5%) and dorsocaudal (3.3%) distribution. Microscopically, chronic lesions were the most prevalent, representing 70.2% of the lungs. Moreover, BALT hyperplasia was present in 86.5% of the lungs, suppurative bronchopneumonia in 65.7%, and alveoli infiltrate in 46.8%. Six bacterial pathogens commonly described as agents of pig pneumonia were identified by bacterial or molecular methods: Pasteurella (P.) multocida, S. suis, M. hyopneumoniae, A. pleuropneumoniae, G. parasuis and M. hyorhinis. Twenty-eight different combinations of pathogens were identified in 84 samples (69.4%). The most common combinations were: M. hyopneumoniae and A. pleuropneumoniae (13.1%), M. hyopneumoniae, G. parasuis and M. hyorhinis (10.7%), and M. hyopneumoniae, A. pleuropneumoniae and G. parasuis (8.3%). Additionally, M. hyopneumoniae was the most frequent pathogen detected in this study, representing 58.7% of the samples. The detection of M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis by PCR was associated with the presence of BALT hyperplasia (P < 0.05) and there was also an association between the detection of M. hyopneumoniae by PCR and suppurative bronchopneumonia (P < 0.05). In addition, a significant association (P < 0.05) between the detection of M. hyopneumoniae and A. pleuropneumoniae by PCR and the histological classification (acute, subacute or chronic lesions) was observed. The results of this study were similar to those observed in slaughtered domestic pigs, although, the detection of opportunist pathogens was less frequent than that usually described in pig pneumonia. The high prevalence of pneumonia in captive wild boars at slaughter and the similar characteristics of pneumonia in captive wild boars and domestic pigs suggest that the close phylogenetic relationship between pigs and wild boars could influence the susceptibility of both species to the colonization of the same pathogens, indicating that captive wild boars raised in confined conditions could be predisposed to respiratory diseases, similar to domestic pigs.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Respiratory Tract Diseases/veterinary , Sus scrofa/physiology , Pneumonia of Swine, Mycoplasmal/diagnosis , Pneumonia of Swine, Mycoplasmal/etiology , Lung Injury/veterinary , Lung/pathologyABSTRACT
Tifton 68 (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) é uma gramínea cultivada na região sul do Brasil, responsável por manifestações clínicas superagudas de dispneia, dificuldade de deglutição, tremores musculares, timpanismo e decúbito em bovinos. A morte ocorre rapidamente após o início dos primeiros sinais e não são encontradas alterações macro e microscópicas significativas. O presente estudo descreve os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e lesionais da intoxicação espontânea por tifton 68 que ocorreu nos municípios de Rio do Sul, Pouso Redondo, Taió e Rio do Campo, estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, nos anos de 1996, 1997, 1998 e 2010, respectivamente. Experimentalmente foram avaliadas a presença de ácido cianídrico nas folhas verdes e secas desta planta, através do teste do papel picrossódico e a reversão da intoxicação pela utilização de uma solução antídoto específica de tiossulfato de sódio e nitrito de sódio. A reprodução experimental consistiu na administração de folhas verdes de tifton 68 para dois bovinos com doses a partir de 10,3g/kg. O quadro de intoxicação cianogênica foi confirmado pela imediata resposta ao tratamento intravenoso com a solução antídoto. As amostras da planta verde forneceram resposta positiva ao teste do papel picrossódico. O feno de tifton 68 não demonstrou qualquer toxicidade, mesmo em altas doses (18 e 27g/kg), sendo seguro para a alimentação de bovinos.(AU)
Tifton 68 (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) is a grass cultivated in southern Brazil which causes peracute clinical manifestations including dyspnea, swallowing difficulties, muscular tremors, tympanism and recumbency in cattle. Animal's death occurs rapidly after the onset of clinical signs and neither macroscopic nor microscopic lesions have been found. This paper describes the epidemiology, clinical findings and lesions of spontaneous poisoning by tifton 68 in cattle in the municipalities of Rio do Sul, Pouso Redondo, Taió and Rio do Campo in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 1996, 1997, 1998 and 2010 respectively. The presence of hydrocyanic acid was experimentally estimated in green and dried leaves through the picric acid paper test and poisoning treatment using a specific antidote solution of sodium thiosulfate and sodium nitrite. The poisoning was experimentally reproduced by the administration of tifton 68 green leaves to two cattle at a starting dose of 10.3 g/kg. The cyanide poisoning was confirmed by the immediate response to treatment with intravenous antidote. The samples of tifton 68 green leaves gave positive response in the picric acid paper test. The hay of tifton 68 showed no toxicity even at high doses (18 and 27 g/kg) and it is safe for cattle consumption.(AU)